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            <div class="post-toc animated"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#ulimit"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">ulimit</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#ulimit%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">ulimit命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ulimit%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用ulimit的几种方案</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%9C%A8%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%AD"><span class="nav-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">在用户的启动脚本中</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%9C%A8%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%AD"><span class="nav-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">在应用程序的启动脚本中</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%9C%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B0%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5"><span class="nav-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">直接在控制台输入</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89-linux-%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%EF%BC%9A"><span class="nav-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">修改所有 linux 用户的环境变量文件：</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%92%88%E5%AF%B9%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%AA%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84-bash-profile%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%EF%BC%9A"><span class="nav-number">1.2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">也可以针对单个用户的.bash_profile设置：</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4"><span class="nav-number">1.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">限制资源的作用范围</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E9%92%88%E5%AF%B9%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E7%94%9F%E6%95%88"><span class="nav-number">1.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">针对用户永久生效</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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      <time title="创建时间：2022-04-26 21:29:48 / 修改时间：21:47:03" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2022-04-26T21:29:48+08:00">2022-04-26</time>
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        <h1 id="ulimit"><a href="#ulimit" class="headerlink" title="ulimit"></a>ulimit</h1><p>  系统性能一直是一个受关注的话题，如何通过最简单的设置来实现最有效的性能调优，如何在有限资源的条件下保证程序的运作，ulimit 是我们在处理这些问题时，经常使用的一种<strong>简单手段</strong>。ulimit 是一种 Linux 系统的内键功能，它具有一套参数集，用于为由<strong>它生成的 shell进程及其子进程</strong>的资源使用设置限制。</p>
<h2 id="ulimit命令"><a href="#ulimit命令" class="headerlink" title="ulimit命令"></a>ulimit命令</h2><p>ulimit 通过一些参数选项来管理不同种类的系统资源。<br>ulimit 命令的格式为：ulimit [options] [limit]</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">选项 含义</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-a 显示当前系统所有的limit资源信息。 </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-H 设置硬资源限制，一旦设置不能增加。例如：ulimit – Hs 64；限制硬资源，线程栈大小为 64K。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-S 设置软资源限制，设置后可以增加，但是不能超过硬资源设置。例如：ulimit – Sn 32；限制软资源，32 个文件描述符。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-c 最大的core文件的大小，以 blocks 为单位。例如：ulimit – c unlimited； 对生成的 core 文件的大小不进行限制。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-f 进程可以创建文件的最大值，以blocks 为单位.例如：ulimit – f 2048；限制进程可以创建的最大文件大小为 2048 blocks。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-d 进程最大的数据段的大小，以Kbytes 为单位。例如：ulimit -d unlimited；对进程的数据段大小不进行限制。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-m 最大内存大小，以Kbytes为单位。例如：ulimit – m unlimited；对最大内存不进行限制。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-n 可以打开的最大文件描述符的数量。例如：ulimit – n 128；限制最大可以使用 128 个文件描述符</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-s 线程栈大小，以Kbytes为单位。例如:ulimit – s 512；限制线程栈的大小为 512 Kbytes。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-p 管道缓冲区的大小，以Kbytes 为单位。例如ulimit – p 512；限制管道缓冲区的大小为 512 Kbytes。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-u 用户最大可用的进程数。例如 limit – u 65536；限制用户最多可以使用 65536个进程。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-v 进程最大可用的虚拟内存，以Kbytes 为单位。ulimit – v 200000；限制最大可用的虚拟内存为 200000 Kbytes。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-t 最大CPU占用时间，以秒为单位。ulimit – t unlimited；对最大的 CPU 占用时间不进行限制。</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">-l 最大可加锁内存大小，以Kbytes 为单位。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="使用ulimit的几种方案"><a href="#使用ulimit的几种方案" class="headerlink" title="使用ulimit的几种方案"></a>使用ulimit的几种方案</h2><h3 id="在用户的启动脚本中"><a href="#在用户的启动脚本中" class="headerlink" title="在用户的启动脚本中"></a>在用户的启动脚本中</h3><pre><code>    如果用户使用的是 bash，就可以在用户的目录下的 .bashrc 文件中，加入 ulimit – u 64，来限制用户最多可以使用 64 个进程。此外，可以在与 .bashrc 功能相当的启动脚本中加入 ulimt。
</code></pre>
<h3 id="在应用程序的启动脚本中"><a href="#在应用程序的启动脚本中" class="headerlink" title="在应用程序的启动脚本中"></a>在应用程序的启动脚本中</h3><p>如果用户要对某个应用程序 myapp 进行限制，可以写一个简单的脚本 startmyapp。</p>
<p>ulimit – s 512<br>myapp</p>
<p>以后只要通过脚本 startmyapp 来启动应用程序，就可以限制应用程序 myapp 的线程栈大小为 512K。</p>
<h3 id="直接在控制台输入"><a href="#直接在控制台输入" class="headerlink" title="直接在控制台输入"></a>直接在控制台输入</h3><p>ulimit – p 256 </p>
<p>限制管道的缓冲区为 256K。</p>
<h3 id="修改所有-linux-用户的环境变量文件："><a href="#修改所有-linux-用户的环境变量文件：" class="headerlink" title="修改所有 linux 用户的环境变量文件："></a>修改所有 linux 用户的环境变量文件：</h3><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vi /etc/profile</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -u 10000</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -n 4096</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -d unlimited</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -m unlimited</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -s unlimited</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -t unlimited</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -v unlimited</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p> 保存后运行#source &#x2F;etc&#x2F;profile 使其生效</p>
<h3 id="也可以针对单个用户的-bash-profile设置："><a href="#也可以针对单个用户的-bash-profile设置：" class="headerlink" title="也可以针对单个用户的.bash_profile设置："></a>也可以针对单个用户的.bash_profile设置：</h3><figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vi ~./.bash_profile</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ulimit -n 1024</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>重新登陆ok</p>
<h2 id="限制资源的作用范围"><a href="#限制资源的作用范围" class="headerlink" title="限制资源的作用范围"></a>限制资源的作用范围</h2><p>ulimit 作为对资源使用限制的一种工作，是有其作用范围的。那么，它限制的对象是单个用户，单个进程，还是整个系统呢？事实上，ulimit 限制的是当前 shell 进程以及其派生的子进程。举例来说，如果用户同时运行了两个 shell 终端进程，只在其中一个环境中执行了 ulimit – s 100，则该 shell 进程里创建文件的大小收到相应的限制，而同时另一个 shell终端包括其上运行的子程序都不会受其影响。</p>
<h3 id="针对用户永久生效"><a href="#针对用户永久生效" class="headerlink" title="针对用户永久生效"></a>针对用户永久生效</h3><p>那么，是否有针对某个具体用户的资源加以限制的方法呢？答案是有的，方法是通过修改系统的 &#x2F;etc&#x2F;security&#x2F;limits.conf配置文件。该文件不仅能限制指定用户的资源使用，还能限制指定组的资源使用。该文件的每一行都是对限定的一个描述。<br>imits.conf的格式如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;domain&gt;                  &lt;type&gt;      &lt;item&gt;     &lt;value&gt; </span><br><span class="line">username|@groupname       type        resource          limit</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>domain：username|@groupname：设置需要被限制的用户名，组名前面加@和用户名区别。也可以用通配符*来做所有用户的限制。</p>
<p>type：有 soft，hard 和 -，soft 指的是当前系统生效的设置值。hard 表明系统中所能设定的最大值。soft 的最大值不能超过hard的值。用 – 就表明同时设置了 soft 和 hard 的值。</p>
<p>resource：<br>    core – 限制内核文件的大小<br>    date – 最大数据大小<br>    fsize – 最大文件大小<br>    memlock – 最大锁定内存地址空间<br>    nofile – 打开文件的最大数目<br>    rss – 最大持久设置大小<br>    stack – 最大栈大小<br>    cpu – 以分钟为单位的最多 CPU 时间<br>    noproc – 进程的最大数目（系统的最大进程数）<br>    as – 地址空间限制<br>    maxlogins – 此用户允许登录的最大数目<br>要使 limits.conf 文件配置生效，必须要确保 pam_limits.so 文件被加入到启动文件中。<br>查看 &#x2F;etc&#x2F;pam.d&#x2F;login 文件中有：session required &#x2F;lib&#x2F;security&#x2F;pam_limits.so</p>

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